Respiratory System DisordersACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS (COMMON COLD)
& OTITIS MEDIA
Friend, do you or may be child and your family ever experience many problem infection, for example otitis media. Do you know, that otitis media? well in topic Diary Erna, i shall tell about respiratory system disorders. And otitis media belongs in respiratory system disorders
What is respiratory system disorders, system disease respiratory at cause by infection factor virus.
ACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS (COMMON COLD)
The common cold is one of the most common infectious conditions of childhood. the young infant is as susceptible as the older child but is generally not as frequently exposed.
The illness is of viral origin, such as rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus , parainfluenza Virus, or adenovirus. Bacterial invasion of the tissues may cause complications such as ear, mastoid, and lung infections. The young child appears to be more susceptible to complications than an adult. The infant should be protected from people who have colds because complications in the infant can be serious.
Clinical Manifestations
The infant older than the age of 3 months develops fever early in the course of the infection, often as high as 102° to 104° (38.9° - 40°C). Younger infant usually are afebrile. The infant sneezes and becomes irritable and restless. The congested nasal passanges interfere with nursing, increasing the infants irritability. The may have vomiting or diarrhea. Which may be caused by mucous drainage into the digestive system.
Diagnosis
This nasopharyngeal condition may appear as the first symptom of many childhood contagious diseases, such as measles, and must be observed carefully. The common cold also needs to be differentiated from allergic rhinitis.
Treatment
The child with an uncomplicated cold may not need any treatment in addition to rest, increased fluids and nutrition, normal saline nose drops, suction with a bulb syringe, and a humified environment. In the older child, acetaminophen can be administered as an analgesic and antipyretic. Aspirin is best avoided. If the nares or upper lip become irritated , cold cream or petrolatum (Vaseline) can be used. The infant needs to be comforted by holding, rocking, and soothing. If the symptoms persist for several days, the child must be seen by a physician to rule out complications such as otitis media.
OTITIS MEDIA
Otitis media is one of the most common infectious diseases of childhood. Two out of three children have at least one episode of otitis media by the time they are 1 year old. The Eustachian tube in an infant is shorter and wider than in the older child or adult (fig 11-8). The tube is also straighter, thereby allowing nasopharyngeal secretions to enter the important causative agent of otitis media in infants.
Figure 11-8
Comparison of the Eustachian tube in adult (A)
And the infant (B).
Clinical Manifestations
A restless infant who repeatedly shakes the head and rubs or pulls at one ear should be checked for an ear infection. Symptoms include fever and irritability. There may be vomiting or diarrhea.
Diagnosis
Examination of the ear with an otoscope reveals a bright-red, bulging eardrum. Spontaneous rupture of the eardrum may occur, in which case there will be purulent drainage, and the pain caused by the pressure build-up in the ear will be relieved. If present, purulent drainage is cultured to determine the causative organism and appropriate anti biotic.
Treatment
Antibiotics are used during the period infection and for several days following to prevent maastoiditis or chronic infection. A 10-day course of amoxicillin is a common treatment. Most infants respond well to antibiotics.
Some infants and young children have repeated episodes of otitis media. Children with chronic otitis media may be put on a prophylactic course of an oral penicillin or sulfonamide drug. Myringotomy (incision of the eardrum) may be performed to establish drainage and to insert tiny tubes into the tympanic membrane to facilitate drainage. In most cases, the tubes eventually fall out spontaneously. Attention to chronic otitis media is essential because permanent hearing loss can result from frequent occurrences.
Mastoiditis (infection of the mastoid sinus) is a possible complication of untreated acute otitis media. Mastoiditis was much more common before the advent of antibiotics. Currently, it is seen only in children who have an untreated ruptured eardrum or inadequate treatment (through non compliance of caregivers or improper care) of an acute episode.
Most infants and young children with otitis media are cared for at home; therefore, a primary responsibility of the nurse is to teach the family caregivers about prevention and the care of the child (see family teaching tips for otitis media).
Family teaching
Tips for otitis media
The eustachian tube is a connection between the nasal passages and the middle ear. The eustachian tube is wider, shorter, and straighter in the infant, allowing organisms from respiratory infections to travel into the middle ear to cause infection (otitis media).
Prevention
1. Hold infant in a upright position or with head slightly elevated while feeding to prevent formula from draining into the middle ear trough the wide Eustachian tube
2. Never prop a bottle
3. Do not give infant a bottle in bed. This allows fluid to pool in the middle ear, encouraging organisms to grow.
4. Protect infant from exposure to others with upper respiratory infections.
5. Protect infant from passive smoke; don’t permit smoking in baby’s presence
6. Remove sources of allergies from home
7. Observe for clues to ear infection: shaking head, rubbing or pulling at ears, fever, combined with restlessness or screaming and crying
8. Be alert to signs of hearing difficulty in toddlers and preschoolers. This may be the first sign of an ear infection.
9. Teach toddler or preschooler gentle nose blowing.
Care of Child with Otitis Media
1. Have child with upper respiratory infection who shows symptoms of ear discomfort checked by a health care professional.
2. Complete the entire amount of antibiotic prescribed, even thoughthe child seems better.
3. Heat (such as a heating pad on low setting) may provide comfort but an adult must stay with the child
4. Soothe, rock, and comfort child to help relieve discomfort. The child is more comfortable sleeping on side of infected ear.
5. Give pain medications (such as acetaminophen) as directed. Never give aspirin.
6. Provide liquid or soft foods; cheving causes pain.
7. Hearing loss may last up to 6 mounths after infection
8. Follow up with hearing test should be scheduled as advised.
References
Margaret G. Marks, RN, BSNE. 1998. Broadribb’s Introductory Pediatric Nursing.Lippincott. Philadelphia. New York
& OTITIS MEDIA
Friend, do you or may be child and your family ever experience many problem infection, for example otitis media. Do you know, that otitis media? well in topic Diary Erna, i shall tell about respiratory system disorders. And otitis media belongs in respiratory system disorders
What is respiratory system disorders, system disease respiratory at cause by infection factor virus.
ACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS (COMMON COLD)
The common cold is one of the most common infectious conditions of childhood. the young infant is as susceptible as the older child but is generally not as frequently exposed.
The illness is of viral origin, such as rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus , parainfluenza Virus, or adenovirus. Bacterial invasion of the tissues may cause complications such as ear, mastoid, and lung infections. The young child appears to be more susceptible to complications than an adult. The infant should be protected from people who have colds because complications in the infant can be serious.
Clinical Manifestations
The infant older than the age of 3 months develops fever early in the course of the infection, often as high as 102° to 104° (38.9° - 40°C). Younger infant usually are afebrile. The infant sneezes and becomes irritable and restless. The congested nasal passanges interfere with nursing, increasing the infants irritability. The may have vomiting or diarrhea. Which may be caused by mucous drainage into the digestive system.
Diagnosis
This nasopharyngeal condition may appear as the first symptom of many childhood contagious diseases, such as measles, and must be observed carefully. The common cold also needs to be differentiated from allergic rhinitis.
Treatment
The child with an uncomplicated cold may not need any treatment in addition to rest, increased fluids and nutrition, normal saline nose drops, suction with a bulb syringe, and a humified environment. In the older child, acetaminophen can be administered as an analgesic and antipyretic. Aspirin is best avoided. If the nares or upper lip become irritated , cold cream or petrolatum (Vaseline) can be used. The infant needs to be comforted by holding, rocking, and soothing. If the symptoms persist for several days, the child must be seen by a physician to rule out complications such as otitis media.
OTITIS MEDIA
Otitis media is one of the most common infectious diseases of childhood. Two out of three children have at least one episode of otitis media by the time they are 1 year old. The Eustachian tube in an infant is shorter and wider than in the older child or adult (fig 11-8). The tube is also straighter, thereby allowing nasopharyngeal secretions to enter the important causative agent of otitis media in infants.
Figure 11-8Comparison of the Eustachian tube in adult (A)
And the infant (B).
Clinical Manifestations
A restless infant who repeatedly shakes the head and rubs or pulls at one ear should be checked for an ear infection. Symptoms include fever and irritability. There may be vomiting or diarrhea.
Diagnosis
Examination of the ear with an otoscope reveals a bright-red, bulging eardrum. Spontaneous rupture of the eardrum may occur, in which case there will be purulent drainage, and the pain caused by the pressure build-up in the ear will be relieved. If present, purulent drainage is cultured to determine the causative organism and appropriate anti biotic.
Treatment
Antibiotics are used during the period infection and for several days following to prevent maastoiditis or chronic infection. A 10-day course of amoxicillin is a common treatment. Most infants respond well to antibiotics.
Some infants and young children have repeated episodes of otitis media. Children with chronic otitis media may be put on a prophylactic course of an oral penicillin or sulfonamide drug. Myringotomy (incision of the eardrum) may be performed to establish drainage and to insert tiny tubes into the tympanic membrane to facilitate drainage. In most cases, the tubes eventually fall out spontaneously. Attention to chronic otitis media is essential because permanent hearing loss can result from frequent occurrences.
Mastoiditis (infection of the mastoid sinus) is a possible complication of untreated acute otitis media. Mastoiditis was much more common before the advent of antibiotics. Currently, it is seen only in children who have an untreated ruptured eardrum or inadequate treatment (through non compliance of caregivers or improper care) of an acute episode.
Most infants and young children with otitis media are cared for at home; therefore, a primary responsibility of the nurse is to teach the family caregivers about prevention and the care of the child (see family teaching tips for otitis media).
Family teachingTips for otitis media
The eustachian tube is a connection between the nasal passages and the middle ear. The eustachian tube is wider, shorter, and straighter in the infant, allowing organisms from respiratory infections to travel into the middle ear to cause infection (otitis media).
Prevention
1. Hold infant in a upright position or with head slightly elevated while feeding to prevent formula from draining into the middle ear trough the wide Eustachian tube
2. Never prop a bottle
3. Do not give infant a bottle in bed. This allows fluid to pool in the middle ear, encouraging organisms to grow.
4. Protect infant from exposure to others with upper respiratory infections.
5. Protect infant from passive smoke; don’t permit smoking in baby’s presence
6. Remove sources of allergies from home
7. Observe for clues to ear infection: shaking head, rubbing or pulling at ears, fever, combined with restlessness or screaming and crying
8. Be alert to signs of hearing difficulty in toddlers and preschoolers. This may be the first sign of an ear infection.
9. Teach toddler or preschooler gentle nose blowing.
Care of Child with Otitis Media
1. Have child with upper respiratory infection who shows symptoms of ear discomfort checked by a health care professional.
2. Complete the entire amount of antibiotic prescribed, even thoughthe child seems better.
3. Heat (such as a heating pad on low setting) may provide comfort but an adult must stay with the child
4. Soothe, rock, and comfort child to help relieve discomfort. The child is more comfortable sleeping on side of infected ear.
5. Give pain medications (such as acetaminophen) as directed. Never give aspirin.
6. Provide liquid or soft foods; cheving causes pain.
7. Hearing loss may last up to 6 mounths after infection
8. Follow up with hearing test should be scheduled as advised.
References
Margaret G. Marks, RN, BSNE. 1998. Broadribb’s Introductory Pediatric Nursing.Lippincott. Philadelphia. New York
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